The Internet Reference Model

• Application Layer

  • covers OSI application & presentation layers
  • HTTP, Telnet, FTP, SMTP, POP, DNS, etc

• End-to-End Layer

  • OSI transport & session layers
  • TCP & UDP

• Internet Layer

  • OSI network (upper part)
  • IP

• Subnet Layer

  • OSI network (lower part), link, physical

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